Content Posted in 2024
ACER 1957-1958 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1958-1959 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1959-1960 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1960-1961 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1961-1962 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1962-1963 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1963-1964 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1964-1965 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1965-1966 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1966-1967 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1967-1968 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1968-1969, Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1969-1970 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1970-1971, Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1971-1972 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1972-1973 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1973-1974 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1974-1975 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1975-1976 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1976-1977, Forty-seventh annual report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1977-1978 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1978-1979 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1980-1981, Fifty-first Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1981-1982 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1982-1983 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1983-1984 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1984-1985 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1985-1986 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1986-1987 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1986-1987 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1987-1988 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1988-1989 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1989-1990 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1991-1992, 62nd Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1992-1993 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1993-1994 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1994-1995 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1995-1996 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1996-1997, 67th Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 1997-1998, 68th Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER 2022-2023 Annual Report, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER Reconciliation Action Plan: 31 March 2024–31 December 2025: Reflect, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
ACER’s Mathematics Anxiety and Engagement Strategy (MAES): A framework, Sarah Buckley, Kate Reid, Catherine Pearn, and Shani Sniedze
Alternative scaling models and dependencies in PISA, Greg Macaskill
Alumni Voices: Insights from international graduates of UK education, Sladana Krstic and Alexander Towne
Analysis and mapping of in-service teacher training programmes to Jordan’s National Teaching Standards, ACER India
Analysis of early childhood education and learning outcomes in the Pacific, Dan Cloney, Yung Nietschke, and Jeffery Marshall
A new tool to fill the data gap on learning: AMPL, Maurice Walker, Ursula Schwantner, and Kemran Mestan
An international perspective on active citizenship among lower secondary students, Wolfram Schulz
A question of perspective? Measuring views on equal rights and opportunities among minority groups in European large-scale surveys, Wolfram Schulz
Are we preparing girls for a world they cannot change?, Rachel Parker
Assessing Citizenship Skills in Latin America. The Development of a Regional Module as part of the International Civic and Citizenship Study, Fernando M. Reimers
Assessing Student Knowledge, Background and Perceptions in the International Civic and Citizenship Study, Wolfram Schulz and Falk Brese
Assessing the Catch Up, Scale Up programme in Zambia, ACER India
Assessing the intended participation of young adolescents as future citizens: Comparing results from 26 European countries, John Ainley, Tim Friedman, David Kerr, and Wolfram Schulz
Assessment of Oral Language and Early Literacy in Early Childhood Education and Care: Literature Review, Danielle Anzai, Sandra Knowles, Dan Cloney, Pam Munro-Smith, and Pru Mitchell
A statement of some needs of Australian education, Australian Education Council
A statement on the arts for Australian schools, Education Council
Attitudes toward Authoritarian Government, Corruption and Obedience to the Law among Lower-secondary Students in Latin America: A comparative analysis, Wolfram Schulz and Greg Macaskill
Attitudes toward Migration across European Countries: Results from ICCS 2009, Wolfram Schulz and Bruno Losito
Attitudes towards political engagement among lower secondary students in East Asian countries: Results from ICCS 2009, John Ainley, Wolfram Schulz, and Julian Fraillon
Australian General Practice Training Program: National report on the 2016 Registrar Satisfaction Survey, Ali Radloff, Daniel Edwards, and Darren Matthews
Australian General Practice Training Program: National report on the 2019 National Registrar Survey, Ali Radloff, Leyna Clarke, and Darren Matthews
Australian General Practice Training Program: National report on the 2023 National Registrar Survey, Rebecca Taylor, Leyna Clarke, and Michelle Hsien
Australian university outcomes: A national study comparing IBDP and non-IBDP students, Kylie Hillman, Daniel Edwards, and Leyna Clarke
Baseline study for a refugee children’s programme in Sudan, ACER India
Changes in Knowledge about and Perception of Civics and Citizenship over a Ten-Year Period: Comparing CIVED 1999 and ICCS 2009, Wolfram Schulz
Children’s University in Australia and New Zealand: Reach and impact, Katherine Dix, Shani Sniedze, and Tamara Van Der Zant
Children’s University: providing an educational passport for aspirations, Katherine Dix
Citizenship and Education in Twenty-eight Countries: Civic Knowledge and Engagement at Age Fourteen, Judith Torney-Purta, Rainer Lehmann, Hans Oswald, and Wolfram Schulz
Civic and Citizenship Education in 2009 (ICCS): A Comparative Study, Wolfram Schulz and John Ainley
Civic knowledge and engagement among students from immigrant and non-immigrant backgrounds, Tim Friedman, Wolfram Schulz, Julian Fraillon, and John Ainley
Civic knowledge and engagement: An IEA study of upper secondary students in sixteen countries, Jo-ann Amadeo, Judith Torney-Purta, Rainer Lehmann, Vera Husfeldt, and Roumiana Nikolova
Civic participation at school and school-based community participation, Elisa Caponera, Bruno Losito, and Paola Mirti
Civil Society Contributions to Improving Learning Outcomes: An Education Out Loud Global Learning Partner Report, Alexander Towne, Sladana Krstic, Desmond Bermingham, Jolanda Buter, Miriam Linder, and Sam Boering
Codebook for Classroom Observation Training Package, Hilary Hollingsworth, Debbie Wong, and Elizabeth Cassity
Collaboration in East Africa: A contextualised approach to defining the construct, Claire Scoular and David Alelah Otieno
Collecting School and Teacher Data in International Civic and Citizenship Study, Gabriella Agrusti and Bruno Losito
Competency based assessment in the professions, Geoff N. Masters and Doug McCurry
Concept and design of the International Civic and Citizenship Study., Julian Fraillon and Wolfram Schulz
Cross-national priorities for Civic and Citizenship Education, Tim Friedman, Gabriella Agrusti, Damiani Valeria, and Jennifer Hong
Data processing bulletin n.1 (Nov 1972), Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
Data processing bulletin n.2 (Apr 1973), Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
Data processing bulletin n.3 (Jun 1973), Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
Data processing bulletin n.4 (Jul 1974), Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
Data processing bulletin n.5 (Oct 1973), Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
Data processing bulletin n.6 (Nov 1973), Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
Developing a learning outcome map, Abha Bhagat
Developmental leadership for women in the Pacific: Cultivating networks for change in Australia Award WLI alumni, Sarah Buckley, Leyna Clarke, and Jo Doyle
Developmental leadership for women in the Pacific: WLI alumni reflections and insights, Michelle Hsien, Jo Doyle, and Sarah Buckley
Development of National Education Assessment Framework (NEAF) for Bhutan, ACER India
Discover ACER India, ACER India
EdTech for learning outcomes and impact: A comprehensive approach, Priyanka Sharma
Education for Citizenship in Times of Global Challenge: IEA International Civic and Citizenship Education Study 2022 International Report, Wolfram Schulz, John Ainley, Julian Fraillon, Bruno Losito, Gabriella Agrusti, Valeria Damiani, and Tim Friedman
Education Out Loud Case Study: IID, Alexander Towne, Sladana Krstic, and Miriam Linder
Education Out Loud case study: School for Life, Alexander Towne, Sladana Krstic, and Jolanda Butler
Education Out Loud Case Study: The GEAR Alliance, Alexander Towne, Sladana Krstic, and Sam Boering
Enabling learning : the crucial work of school leaders, Jean Russell
Engaging young female students in digital technology programs: Part one, Sarah Buckley, Syeda Kashfee Ahmed, Kristy Osborne, Celia McNeilly, Shani Sniedze, and Rachel Felgate
Engaging young female students in digital technology programs: Part two, Kristy Osborne, Rachel Felgate, and Sarah Buckley
Evaluating the Contribution of Schools to the development of Young People as Future Citizens, Bruno Losito, Elisa Caponera, Cristiano Corsini, and Paola Mirti
Evaluation of the Smiling Mind Primary School Program 2023, Tamara Van Der Zant, Katherine Dix, and Toby Carslake
Examining evidence for success in the Zambian Girls 2030 programme, ACER India
Expected participation in protest activities among lower secondary students in 38 countries, John Ainley and Wolfram Schulz
Explaining differences in civic knowledge across 38 countries, Wolfram Schulz, Julian Fraillon, John Ainley, and Eva Van de gaer
Explaining Differences in Civic Knowledge: Multilevel Regression Analyses of Student Data from 27 Countries, Wolfram Schulz
Finding the right AI for the right job – it’s still about the evidence, Jarrod Hingston
GEM Centre: Completion Report for Phase 3 Funding, 2020–2023, Australian Council for Educational Research
Gender barriers to basic digital skills for employment in the ASEAN region: A review of promising practices, Louise Wignall, Anita Roberts, Justin Brown, and Syeda Kashfee Ahmed
Global Synthesis Report: Long-term outcomes of Australian development scholarship alumni, Amanda Haddow, Daniel Edwards, Sarah Buckley, Jo Doyle, Leyna Clarke, and Michelle Hsien
Global Synthesis Report. Methodology, Australia Awards Global Tracer Facility
Global Tracer Facility Longitudinal Global Tracer Survey 2023 (Year 8) - Survey Instrument, Australia Awards Global Tracer Facility
Guidelines for designing competency-based assessment, Abha Bhagat and Dimple Sood
IEA Civic Education Study. Technical Report, Wolfram Schulz and Heiko Sibberns
Improving assessment of clinical competence, Jacob Pearce, Neville Chiavaroli, and Kristy Osborne
Improving educator readiness to support student mental health, Anna Dabrowski, Michelle Hsien, Syeda Kashfee Ahmed, Amy Berry, Maya Conway, and Yung Nietschke
Improving teaching quality in the Pacific, Elizabeth Cassity and Hilary Hollingsworth
Indicators of civic engagement among lower secondary students, John Ainley, Wolfram Schulz, and Eveline Gebhardt
Indigenous Science Network Bulletin - April 2024
Indigenous Science Network Bulletin - November 2024
Infographic: An average working day in early childhood, Dominique Russell
Infographic: Australian school growth, Dominique Russell
Infographic: Careers and future study support in schools, Dominique Russell
Infographic: Climate change education around the world, Max Hughes
Infographic: Closing the Gap Report 2024, Dominique Russell
Infographic: Comparing the length of primary school breaks by country, Andrew Broadley
Infographic: Creative thinking in classrooms – encouragement + time, Jo Earp
Infographic: Finding the digital learning ‘sweet spot’, Andrew Broadley
Infographic: How valued do teachers feel by society?, Dominique Russell
Infographic: Learning beyond the classroom, Dominique Russell
Infographic: PISA 2022 insights – educational and instructional leadership, Jo Earp
Infographic: Teachers needed across the globe by 2030, Dominique Russell
Infographic: Teachers spending their own money on school purchases, Dominique Russell
Infographic: Teacher views on issues facing students, Andrew Broadley
Infographic: Teenagers reading for pleasure, Max Hughes
Infographic: What do your students know about money?, Andrew Broadley
Infographic: What support do school-aged children want to quit vaping?, Dominique Russell
Infographic: World Teacher’s Day 2024 – what you love about teaching, Dominique Russell
Insights from world-class learning systems, Geoff Masters
International Comparison of Tertiary Education Systems, Ian Teo, Michelle Hsien, Sarah Buckley, and Anita Roberts
Introducing competency-based assessment through online workshops, ACER India
Introducing statements and profiles, Kathy McLean
Latin American perspectives on civic and citizenship education, Wolfram Schulz and Eugenio Gonzalez
Learning Through Play at School: Ukraine, 2019-2024, Rachel Parker, Amy Berry, Kellie Picker, David Jeffries, Prue Anderson, and Oksana Zabolotna
Learning Through Play at School: Ukraine, 2019-2024 (Ukrainian version), Rachel Parker, Amy Berry, Kellie Picker, David Jeffries, Prue Anderson, and Oksana Zabolotna
Learning Through Play at School Ukraine: Final Research Report, Rachel Parker, Amy Berry, Kellie Picker, David Jeffries, Prue Anderson, and Oksana Zabolotna
Learning Through Play at School Ukraine: Final Research Report (Ukrainian version), Rachel Parker, Amy Berry, David Jeffries, Prue Anderson, and Oksana Zabolotna
Lesson 1: Language and Communication lesson video transcript, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
Lesson 2: Grade 2 Language and Communication lesson video transcript, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
Lesson Observation Record Classroom Observation Training Package, Hilary Hollingsworth, Debbie Wong, and Elizabeth Cassity
Lower-secondary Students’ Civic Engagement at School: Results from ICCS 2016, Wolfram Schulz
Measuring Civic Knowledge among Young Adolescents in the International Civic and Citizenship Education Study, Julian Fraillon, Wolfram Schulz, and John Ainley
Monitoring learning in the early years. A review of early childhood assessments to support global monitoring, Dan Cloney, David Jeffries, Stephanie Templeton, Ursula Schwantner, Juliette F. Mendelovits, Amy Berry, Syeda Kashfee Ahmed, Nicola Andrews, and Bethany Davies
Multi-level analysis of factors explaining differences in civic knowledge, Wolfram Schulz, Julian Fraillon, John Ainley, and Eva Van de gaer
Music Education: Right from the Start. Primary Teachers Survey - South Australia, Rachel Felgate, Toby Carslake, and Tanya Vaughan
My 13th Teacher alphabet, Jo Earp
National Assessment Program: ICT Literacy 2022: Technical Report, Dominique Hall, Kate O'Malley, Renee Kwong, Emma Camus, Tim Friedman, Kristy Osborne, Zachary Watts, and Dulce Lay
NSW Counsellor's bulletin /Australian Council for Educational Research, measurement unit No. 1, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
NSW Counsellor's bulletin /Australian Council for Educational Research, measurement unit No. 2, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
NSW Counsellor's bulletin /Australian Council for Educational Research, measurement unit No. 4, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
Pairwise Comparison Method Toolkit. A toolkit for countries to measure global learning outcomes., United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
PISA 2022. Assessing creative thinking for a better future, Lisa De Bortoli and Catherine Underwood
PISA 2022. Assessing creative thinking for a better future
PISA 2022 Australia School Questionnaire data [SAS] [Data set], Lisa De Bortoli and Catherine Underwood
PISA 2022 Australia School Questionnaire data [SPSS] [Data set], Lisa De Bortoli and Catherine Underwood
PISA 2022 Australia Student and Achievement data [SAS] [Data set], Lisa De Bortoli and Catherine Underwood
PISA 2022 Australia Student and Achievement data [SPSS] [Data set], Lisa De Bortoli and Catherine Underwood
PISA 2022. Reporting Australia’s results. Volume II: Student and school characteristics, Lisa De Bortoli, Catherine Underwood, Tim Friedman, and Eveline Gebhardt
PISA 2022: Reporting Australia’s Results. Volume II Student and School Characteristics: Data tables [Excel] [Data set], Lisa De Bortoli and Catherine Underwood
PISA 2022. Reporting Australia’s results. Volume I: Student performance: Data tables [Excel] [Data set], Lisa De Bortoli and Catherine Underwood
PISA Capacity Needs Assessment: Ecuador, Ian Teo
PISA Capacity Needs Assessment: Egypt, Laila Helou
PISA Capacity Needs Assessment: Tajikistan, Dushanbe, Ian Teo
Playful learning supports student growth in times of crisis, Rachel Parker
Podcast special: World-class learning systems, Jo Earp and Geoff N. Masters
Preparedness for active citizenship among lower secondary students in international comparison, Wolfram Schulz, John Ainley, and Eva Van de gaer
Project Management Unit (PMU) to Delhi Board of School Education (DBSE), ACER India
Putting creative thinking at the core of the English school curriculum, Sladana Krstic
Putting Creative Thinking at the Core of the English School Curriculum: An exploratory study, Sladana Krstic
Reforming learning assessments in Chhattisgarh, ACER India
Reporting of students with disability in NAPLAN, Kathryn Richardson and Greta Rollo
Reviewing Measurement Invariance of Questionnaire Constructs in Cross-National Research: Examples from ICCS 2016, Wolfram Schulz
Review of the Postgraduate Research Experience Questionnaire (PREQ): Final report, Ali Radloff, Darren Matthews, Yan Bibby, and Daniel Edwards
Smiling Mind Evaluation 2021-2022: Effectiveness of the Smiling Mind Primary School program, Katherine Dix, Tamara Van Der Zant, Toby Carslake, Rachel Felgate, and Syeda Kashfee Ahmed
Snapshots issue 17: Australian students’ access to and use of libraries, Kylie Hillman
Snapshots issue 18: Opportunities for career guidance in Australian schools, Sarah Buckley
Social origin and citizenship participation in Latin American schools, Juan Castillo
Straight from the source: including teachers’ voices in reforms, Debbie Wong, Elizabeth Cassity, and Hilary Hollingsworth
Strengthening education in the Pacific, Elizabeth Cassity, Jeaniene Spink, and Jevelin Wendiady
Strengthening foundational learning in the ASEAN region: A review of promising practices, Yung Nietschke, Adeola Monty, Anna Dabrowski, Payal Goundar, Syeda Kashfee Ahmed, Debbie Wong, and Jeaniene Spink
Strengthening systemic capacity on learning assessment and use of data for improving learning, ACER India
Student assessment in Madhya Pradesh, ACER India
Student participation at school and future civic engagement: Results from ICCS 2009, Wolfram Schulz, John Ainley, and Julian Fraillon
Students’ attitudes toward equality opportunities, trust in civic institutions and endorsement of religious influence, Wolfram Schulz and John Ainley
Studying Civic and Citizenship Education in the European Context, David Kerr and Joana Lopes
Support for the National Student Assessment in Bangladesh, ACER India
Supporting out-of-school girls and children and youth from marginalised groups in the ASEAN region: A review of promising practices, Anna Dabrowski, Syeda Kashfee Ahmed, Payal Goundar, Debbie Wong, and Jeaniene Spink
Supporting schools’ and teachers’ use of assessment to inform learning of all students, Ursula Schwantner and Soumaya Maghnouj
Supporting the advancement of girls’ education, Jeaniene Spink and Debbie Wong
Sustainable Development Goal 4.b in the Pacific – A pilot study for monitoring tertiary education scholarships for development, Amanda Haddow, Daniel Edwards, and Lorissa Hazelman
Teacher Development Multi-Year Study Series. Classroom observation training package: using classroom observation to investigate and understand teaching quality, Debbie Wong, Hilary Hollingsworth, Elizabeth Cassity, and Adeola Monty
Teacher development multi-year study series. Multi-country report, Hilary Hollingsworth, Debbie Wong, Elizabeth Cassity, and Payal Goundar
Teacher development multi-year study series. Report highlights. Multi-country report, Hilary Hollingsworth, Debbie Wong, Elizabeth Cassity, and Payal Goundar
Teacher development multi-year study series. Report highlights. Vanuatu: Final Report, Elizabeth Cassity, Debbie Wong, Jevelin Wendiady, and Jennie Chainey
Teacher development multi-year study series. Report highlights. Vanuatu: Final Report (Bislama version), Elizabeth Cassity, Debbie Wong, Jevelin Wendiady, and Jennie Chainey
Teacher Development Multi-Year Study Series. Vanuatu: Final Report, Elizabeth Cassity, Debbie Wong, Jevelin Wendiady, and Jennie Chainey
Teachers and technology in the Pacific, Anna Dabrowski, Yung Nietschke, and Elizabeth Cassity
Teachers’ perceptions of formative assessment for students with disability: A case study from India, Anannya Chakraborty and Amit Kaushik
Teaching literacy skills to students, Ashtamurthy Killimangalam
Technical support for a micro-scholarship programme to improve learning: Project brief, Bikramjit Sen
The 1975 Cohort Questionnaires: 1997-2001: Addendum to Technical Paper No. 6, Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
The Analysis of Measurement Equivalence in International Studies using the Rasch Model, Wolfram Schulz and Julian Fraillon
The arts - a curriculum profile for Australian schools, Education Council
The International Civic and Citizenship Education Study: Extent and variation of lower-secondary students’ civic knowledge, and changes since 2009, Julian Fraillon, Wolfram Schulz, and Eveline Gebhardt
The pre-history of ACER, Kenneth S. Cunningham
The Processes of Change on Learning Literacy and Numeracy in South Australian Primary Schools, I Gusti Ngurah Darmawan and Carol Aldous
The roles of schools and communities in civic and citizenships education, Elisa Caponera and Bruno Losito
The Scottish Government International Development Fund: Designing a new International Development inclusive education programme, Alexander Towne and Desmond Bermingham
Turtle Island Indigenous Science Conference, 21 - 23 May 2024
Understanding competency based learning for mathematical literacy, Sri Aurobindo Society and Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
Understanding competency based learning for reading literacy, Sri Aurobindo Society and Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
Understanding competency based learning for scientific literacy, Sri Aurobindo Society and Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER)
Understanding how education scholarships are distributed in the Pacific, Amanda Haddow and Daniel Edwards
Understanding how teacher professional learning supports education reform, Elizabeth Cassity and Debbie Wong
Understanding students’ attitudes towards a sustainable future, Syeda Kashfee Ahmed
Unpacking the science of reading research, Greta Rollo and Kellie Picker
What factors impact reading literacy in Southeast Asia?, Syeda Kashfee Ahmed
What is needed to improve teacher professional development initiatives?, Hilary Hollingsworth, Debbie Wong, Elizabeth Cassity, and Payal Goundar
Young Citizens’ Views and Engagement in a Changing Europe: IEA International Civic and Citizenship Education Study 2022 European Report, Valeria Damiani, Bruno Losito, Gabriella Agrusti, and Wolfram Schulz
Young people’s attitudes towards freedom of movement and immigration in Europe. Results from ICCS 2016, Wolfram Schulz and Sladana Krstic
Young people’s trust in institutions and their dispositions toward civic engagement since 2009, Wolfram Schulz
Young People’s Use of Social Media and Internet for Civic Engagement in 21 Countries, Wolfram Schulz and Tim Friedman